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Environmental Liquid Cell Technique for Improved Electron Microscopic Imaging of Soft Matter in Solution

authors
Azim S, Bultema LA, de Kock MB, Osorio-Blanco ER, Calderón M, Gonschior J, Leimkohl JP, Tellkamp F, Bücker R, Schulz EC, Keskin S, de Jonge N, Kassier GH, Miller RJD
date published
Feb. 1, 2021
journal
Microscopy and Microanalysis.
volume, number
27 (1)
pages
44-53
doi
10.1017/S1431927620024654
abstract

Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy is a technique for simultaneous imaging of the structure and dynamics of specimens in a liquid environment. The conventional sample geometry consists of a liquid layer tightly sandwiched between two Si3N4 windows with a nominal spacing on the order of 0.5 μm. We describe a variation of the conventional approach, wherein the Si3N4 windows are separated by a 10-μm-thick spacer, thus providing room for gas flow inside the liquid specimen enclosure. Adjusting the pressure and flow speed of humid air inside this environmental liquid cell (ELC) creates a stable liquid layer of controllable thickness on the bottom window, thus facilitating high-resolution observations of low mass-thickness contrast objects at low electron doses. We demonstrate controllable liquid thicknesses in the range 160 ± 34 to 340 ± 71 nm resulting in corresponding edge resolutions of 0.8 ± 0.06 to 1.7 ± 0.8 nm as measured for immersed gold nanoparticles. Liquid layer thickness 40 ± 8 nm allowed imaging of low-contrast polystyrene particles. Hydration effects in the ELC have been studied using poly-N-isopropylacrylamide nanogels with a silica core. Therefore, ELC can be a suitable tool for in situ investigations of liquid specimens.